Republic of Indonesia abbreviated RI or Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia, the crossed the equator and lies between Asia and Australia as well as between the Pacific and Indian Ocean. Indonesia is an archipelagic country largest in the world which consists of 17,508 islands, therefore it is also known as the Nusantara (Island of). With a population of 222 million people in In 2006, Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world and most populous Muslim country in the world, although not officially Islamic state.
Indonesia is a republic, the House of Representatives Folk, Regional Representative Council and the President are elected directly. State capital is Jakarta. Indonesia borders with Malaysia on Borneo island, with Papua New Guinea on the island of Papua, and Timor Leste in the Timor Island. Neighboring countries are Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, and union territory Islands Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
History of Indonesia has been influenced by other nations. Indonesian Archipelago become an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Sriwijaya religion and trade relations with China and India. Kingdoms of the Hindus and Buddhists have been growing in the early centuries AD, followed by the traders who brought Islam, and various European powers that fought each other to monopolize the spice trade during the era of Maluku ocean exploration. Once under Dutch rule, Indonesia declared its independence at the end of World War II. Furthermore, Indonesia had various obstacles, threats and challenges of natural disasters, corruption, separatism, democratization process and the period of rapid economic change. From Sabang to Merauke, Indonesia consists of many tribes, languages and religions different. The Javanese are the largest ethnic group and most politically dominant. Indonesia's national motto, "Unity in Diversity" ("Diversity one "), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. In addition to having a population solid and a large area, Indonesia has a natural area that supports the level of The second largest biodiversity in the world.
Geography
Indonesia is an archipelagic nation in Southeast Asia which has 17,504 islands large and small, around 6000 of them uninhabited, which spread around equator, which gives a tropical weather. Indonesia is located at the coordinate position 6 ° N - 11 ° 08'LS and from 95 ° 'W - 141 ° 45'BT and is located between two continents, continents of Asia and Australia / Oceania. Indonesia's territory extends along 3.977 mile between the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Indonesia is a land area of 1.92257 million km ² and the area of waters 3,257,483 km ². The island is densely populated Java island, where half Indonesia's population resides. Indonesia consists of five major islands, namely: Java with an area of 132 107 km ², with an area of Sumatra, 473 606 km ², with an area of Borneo 539 460 sq km, Sulawesi, with an area of 189 216 km ², and Papua with an area of 421 981 km ². Quoting from the islands of Indonesia were measured using territorial sea: 12 miles out to sea and exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles, compass direction, namely:
nort ; Malaysia's hern state with borders along the 1782 km, Singapore, Philippines, and the South China Sea
South; State of Australia, Timor Leste and Indonesian Ocean
West ; Ocean Indonesia State
east ; along the border with Papua New Guinea 820 km, Timor Leste, and Pacific Ocean
Natural resources
Indonesia's natural resources such as petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, fertile soils, coal, gold, and silver with the division of land comprised of 10% of agricultural land, plantation of 7%, 7% meadows, forests and woodland 62%, and the other 14% with an area of irrigated land 45 970 km
Culture
Indonesia has around 300 ethnic groups, each ethnic group has a cultural heritage that developed over the centuries, influenced by Indian culture, Arabic, Chinese, European, and including his own culture, namely the Malays. An example of traditional Javanese and Balinese dances have a cultural aspect and Hindu mythology, such as leather puppet featuring stories of incidents of Hindu mythological Ramayana and Baratayuda. Many also contain art of dance that Islamic values. Some of them may be found in areas such as Sumatra and dance dance Ratéb Meuseukat Seudati from Aceh. Art rhyme, gurindam, and so forth from various regions like rhyme Malays, and other rhymes rhyme, often used in certain events ie events, art performances, and others.
Clothing
In the field of cultural heritage of the famous fashion worldwide is batik. Some areas are famous for its batik industry including Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Cirebon, Pandeglang, Garut, Tasikmalaya and also Pekalongan. Batik is also claimed by other states with the batik industry. Clothing native to Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke, the other can be recognized from the subject characteristics in each region, among others, baju kurung with songketnya from West Sumatra (Minangkabau), ulos cloth from North Sumatra (Batak), kebaya dress, fashion typical of Dayak in Kalimantan, from South Sulawesi are guy clothes, fashion berkoteka of Papua and so forth.
Art music
Musical arts in Indonesia, both traditional and modern is very much spread from Sabang to Merauke. Every province in Indonesia have a traditional music with its own trademark. Traditional music as well keroncong Portuguese descent who come from areas Tugu, Jakarta, known by all the Indonesian people even to foreign countries. There is also a populist musical in Indonesia known as dangdut musical homage to the modern Malays are influenced by the music of India that dangdut is very different from traditional music real Malays, such as music Melayu Deli, Melayu Riau, and so forth. A set of gamelan Traditional musical instrument which is a typical musical instrument of Indonesia has many varieties from various regions in Indonesia, but many of the traditional Indonesian musical instrument 'stolen' by other nations for the sake of adding theculture and art to patent his own music with the copyright of Indonesian arts and culture. Indonesian traditional music instruments include:
* Angklung
* Bende
* Calung
* Dermenan
* Gamelan
* Gandang Tabuik
* Drum Bali
* Gondang Batak
* Gong Kemada
* Gong Lambus
* Jidor
* Santol Flute
* Kulcapi Batak
* Kendang Java
* Kenong
* Kulintang
* Rebab
* Rebana
* Saluang
* Saron
* Sasando
* Fife
* Seurune Kale
* Flute Institute
* Sulim Batak
* Suling Sunda
* Talempong
* Tanggetong
* Tifa, etc.
Kuliner
Indonesian cuisine varies depending on its territory. Rice is the staple food and was served with dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken are an important ingredient. Throughout history, Indonesia has become a place of trade between the two continents. This causes terbawanya many spices, food ingredients and cooking techniques from the Malays own nation, India, Middle East, Tionghoa, and Europe. All this mixed with the typical traditional Indonesian food, make a lot of diversity that are not found in other areas. Even the Spanish and Portuguese, the Dutch have been preceded by bringing many new products from the world to Indonesia. Small snacks such as cakes sold in traditional markets. The cakes are usually made from rice, glutinous rice, cassava, sweet potato, wheat, or sago. Rames rice containing rice with choice of side dish or vegetable sold in public places like railway stations, markets and bus terminals. In the Special Region of Yogyakarta and the surrounding rice known as nasi rames cat-sized very minimalist with low prices, rice is often sold on the cat angkringan, a type of pavement stalls. There is also a variety of foods being sold by traders around the use of carts or dependents. Pitchman presents a chicken noodle, meatball noodles, soup, dumplings, bread, burgers, fried rice, nasi Uduk, and others.
Literature
Evidence of the oldest writings in Indonesia is different Sanskrit language inscriptions in the 5th century AD. Prominent figure in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli who criticized the treatment of Dutch against Indonesia during the Dutch colonial era; Muhammad Yamin and Hamka which represents writers and pre-independence politician, and Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia maker of the most famous novels. In addition to novels, Indonesia also wrote literary form of poetry, rhyme, and rhymes. Anwar is the author of Indonesia's most famous poems. Many Indonesian people have a strong oral tradition, which helped to define and maintain their cultural identity. Press freedom in Indonesia increased after the end of President Suharto's rule. Television stations, including ten national private television stations and regional networks that compete with domestic television station TVRI. Private radio stations to broadcast their news and programs of foreign broadcasters. Reportedly there are 20 million internet users in Indonesia in 2007. Internet usage is limited to a minority population, estimated at about 8.5%.
Environmental
Indonesian territory has a high diversity of living things so that by some ecological regions Indonesia is called the "Mega biodiversity" or "high diversity of living things" is commonly known as Indomalaya or Malesia Based on research that 10 percent of plants, 12 percent of mammals, 16 percent of reptiles , 17 percent birds, 25 percent of the fish in the world live in Indonesia, although widespread in Indonesia only 1.3% of the size of Earth. Wealth of living creatures Indonesia ranked third after Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Komodo dragons, reptiles, rare animals typical of the Nusa Tenggara However, Guinness World Records in 2008 Indonesia had a record as the country's most fast rate of forest destruction in the world. Every year Indonesia is losing 1.8 million hectares of forest area. The damage that occurs in the upstream region (forest) also damage the area in the downstream areas (coastal). According to Down The Earth, the project The Asian Development Bank (ADB) in the marine sector of Indonesia has triggered over large-scale functions of mangrove forests into aquaculture areas. Though mangrove forests, in addition to serve to protect the shore from erosion, is a good habitat for many species of fish. The destruction of mangrove forests is caused fishermen to find fish at a distance farther and adds to the cost of their operations in search of fish. In addition, the destruction of mangrove forests also result in increasing the vulnerability of coastal regions of
Indonesia to the brunt of the ocean tides and flooding, especially in the rainy season.
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